Constitution of India

GeneralArticles 12 to 13

• 12Definition
• 13Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights

Right to EqualityArticles 14 to 18

• 14Equality before law
• 15Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
• 16Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
• 17Abolition of Untouchability
• 18Abolition of titles

Right to FreedomArticles 19 to 22

• 19Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc
• 20Protection in respect of conviction for offences
• 21Protection of life and personal liberty
• 21ARight to education
• 22Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases

Right against ExploitationArticles 23 to 24

• 23Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour
• 24Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc

Right to Freedom of ReligionArticles 25 to 28

• 25Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion
• 26Freedom to manage religious affairs
• 27Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion
• 28Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions

Cultural and Educational RightsArticles 29 to 31

• 29Protection of interests of minorities
• 30Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
• 31Compulsory acquisition of propertyOmitted

Saving of Certain LawsArticles 31A to 31D

• 31ASaving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc
• 31BValidation of certain Acts and Regulations
• 31CSaving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles
• 31DSaving of laws in respect of anti-national activitiesOmitted

Right to Constitutional RemediesArticles 32 to 35

• 32Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part
• 32AConstitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 32Omitted
• 33Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc
• 34Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area
• 35Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part

The Executive: The President and Vice-PresidentArticles 52 to 73

• 52The President of India
• 53Executive power of the Union
• 54Election of President
• 55Manner of election of President
• 56Term of office of President
• 57Eligibility for re-election
• 58Qualifications for election as President
• 59Conditions of President's office
• 60Oath or affirmation by the President
• 61Procedure for impeachment of the President
• 62Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy
• 63The Vice-President of India
• 64The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States
• 65The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President
• 66Election of Vice-President
• 67Term of office of Vice-President
• 68Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice- President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy
• 69Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President
• 70Discharge of President's functions in other contingencies
• 71Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President
• 72Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases
• 73Extent of executive power of the Union

The Executive: Council of MinistersArticles 74 to 75

• 74Council of Ministers to aid and advise President
• 75Other provisions as to Ministers

The Executive: The Attorney-General for IndiaArticle 76

• 76Attorney-General for India

The Executive: Conduct of Government BusinessArticles 77 to 78

• 77Conduct of business of the Government of India
• 78Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc

Parliament: GeneralArticles 79 to 88

• 79Constitution of Parliament
• 80Composition of the Council of States
• 81Composition of the House of the People
• 82Readjustment after each census
• 83Duration of Houses of Parliament
• 84Qualification for membership of Parliament
• 85Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution
• 86Right of President to address and send messages to Houses
• 87Special address by the President
• 88Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses

Parliament: Officers of ParliamentArticles 89 to 98

• 89The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States
• 90Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman
• 91Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman
• 92The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
• 93The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People
• 94Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker
• 95Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker
• 96The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
• 97Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker
• 98Secretariat of Parliament

Parliament: Conduct of BusinessArticles 99 to 100

• 99Oath or affirmation by members
• 100Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum

Parliament: Disqualifications of MembersArticles 101 to 104

• 101Vacation of seats
• 102Disqualifications for membership
• 103Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members
• 104Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified

Parliament: Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its MembersArticles 105 to 106

• 105Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof
• 106Salaries and allowances of members

Parliament: Legislative ProcedureArticles 107 to 111

• 107Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills
• 108Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases
• 109Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
• 110Definition of “Money Bills”
• 111Assent to Bills

Parliament: Procedure in Financial MattersArticles 112 to 117

• 112Annual financial statement
• 113Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates
• 114Appropriation Bills
• 115Supplementary, additional or excess grants
• 116Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants
• 117Special provisions as to financial Bills

Parliament: Procedure GenerallyArticles 118 to 122

• 118Rules of procedure
• 119Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business
• 120Language to be used in Parliament
• 121Restriction on discussion in Parliament
• 122Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament

Legislative Powers of the PresidentArticle 123

• 123Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament

The Union JudiciaryArticles 124 to 147

• 124Establishment and constitution of the Supreme Court
• 124ANational Judicial Appointments Commission
• 124BFunctions of Commission
• 124CPower of Parliament to make law
• 125Salaries, etc., of Judges
• 126Appointment of acting Chief Justice
• 127Appointment of ad hoc Judges
• 128Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court
• 129Supreme Court to be a court of record
• 130Seat of Supreme Court
• 131Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
• 131AExclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to questions as to constitutional validity of Central lawsOmitted
• 132Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases
• 133Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters
• 134Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters
• 134ACertificate for appeal to the Supreme Court
• 135Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court
• 136Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court
• 137Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court
• 138Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
• 139Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs
• 139ATransfer of certain cases
• 140Ancillary powers of the Supreme Court
• 141Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts
• 142Enforcement of decrees and orders of the Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc
• 143Power of the President to consult the Supreme Court
• 144Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court
• 144ASpecial provisions as to disposal of questions relating to constitutional validity of lawsOmitted
• 145Rules of Court, etc
• 146Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court
• 147Interpretation

Comptroller and Auditor-General of IndiaArticles 148 to 151

• 148Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
• 149Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General
• 150Form of accounts of the Union and of the States
• 151Audit reports

GeneralArticle 152

• 152Definition

The Executive: The GovernorArticles 153 to 162

• 153Governors of States
• 154Executive power of State
• 155Appointment of Governor
• 156Term of office of Governor
• 157Qualifications for appointment as Governor
• 158Conditions of Governor's office
• 159Oath or affirmation by the Governor
• 160Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
• 161Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases
• 162Extent of executive power of State

The Executive: Council of MinistersArticles 163 to 164

• 163Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor
• 164Other provisions as to Ministers

The Executive: The Advocate-General for the StateArticle 165

• 165Advocate-General for the State

The Executive: Conduct of Government BusinessArticles 166 to 167

• 166Conduct of Business of the Government of a State
• 167Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc

The State Legislature: GeneralArticles 168 to 177

• 168Constitution of Legislatures in States
• 169Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States
• 170Composition of the Legislative Assemblies
• 171Composition of the Legislative Councils
• 172Duration of State Legislatures
• 173Qualification for membership of the State Legislature
• 174Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution
• 175Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses
• 176Special address by the Governor
• 177Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses

The State Legislature: Officers of the State LegislatureArticles 178 to 187

• 178The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
• 179Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker
• 180Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker
• 181The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
• 182The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council
• 183Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman
• 184Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman
• 185The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
• 186Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman
• 187Secretariat of State Legislature

The State Legislature: Conduct of BusinessArticles 188 to 189

• 188Oath or affirmation by members
• 189Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum

The State Legislature: Disqualifications of MembersArticles 190 to 193

• 190Vacation of seats
• 191Disqualifications for membership
• 192Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members
• 193Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified

The State Legislature: Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their MembersArticles 194 to 195

• 194Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof
• 195Salaries and allowances of members

The State Legislature: Legislative ProcedureArticles 196 to 201

• 196Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills
• 197Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills
• 198Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
• 199Definition of “Money Bills”
• 200Assent to Bills
• 201Bills reserved for consideration

The State Legislature: Procedure in Financial MattersArticles 202 to 207

• 202Annual financial statement
• 203Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates
• 204Appropriation Bills
• 205Supplementary, additional or excess grants
• 206Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants
• 207Special provisions as to financial Bills

The State Legislature: Procedure GenerallyArticles 208 to 212

• 208Rules of procedure
• 209Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business
• 210Language to be used in the Legislature
• 211Restriction on discussion in the Legislature
• 212Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature

Legislative Power of the GovernorArticle 213

• 213Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature

The High Courts in the StatesArticles 214 to 232

• 214High Courts for States
• 215High Courts to be courts of record
• 216Constitution of High Courts
• 217Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court
• 218Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts
• 219Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts
• 220Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge
• 221Salaries, etc., of Judges
• 222Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another
• 223Appointment of acting Chief Justice
• 224Appointment of additional and acting Judges
• 224AAppointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts
• 225Jurisdiction of existing High Courts
• 226Power of High Courts to issue certain writs
• 226AConstitutional validity of Central laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 226Omitted
• 227Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court
• 228Transfer of certain cases to High Court
• 228ASpecial provisions as to disposal of questions relating to constitutional validity of State lawsOmitted
• 229Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts
• 230Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories
• 231Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States
• 232Interpretation

Subordinate CourtsArticles 233 to 237

• 233Appointment of district judges
• 233AValidation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges
• 234Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service
• 235Control over subordinate courts
• 236Interpretation
• 237Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates

Legislative Relations: Distribution of Legislative PowersArticles 245 to 255

• 245Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States
• 246Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States
• 246ASpecial provision with respect to goods and services tax
• 247Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts
• 248Residuary powers of legislation
• 249Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest
• 250Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
• 251Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States
• 252Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State
• 253Legislation for giving effect to international agreements
• 254Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States
• 255Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only

Administrative Relations: GeneralArticles 256 to 261

• 256Obligation of States and the Union
• 257Control of the Union over States in certain cases
• 257AAssistance to States by deployment of armed forces or other forces of the UnionOmitted
• 258Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases
• 258APower of the States to entrust functions to the Union
• 259Armed Forces in States in Part B of the First ScheduleOmitted
• 260Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India
• 261Public acts, records and judicial proceedings

Administrative Relations: Disputes relating to WatersArticle 262

• 262Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys

Administrative Relations: Co-ordination between StatesArticle 263

• 263Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council

Finance: GeneralArticles 264 to 267

• 264Interpretation
• 265Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law
• 266Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States
• 267Contingency Fund

Finance: Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the StatesArticles 268 to 281

• 268Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States
• 268AService tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by the Union and the StatesOmitted
• 269Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States
• 269ALevy and collection of goods and services tax in course of inter-State trade or commerce
• 270Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States
• 271Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union
• 272Taxes which are levied and collected by the Union and may be distributed between the Union and the StatesOmitted
• 273Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products
• 274Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested
• 275Grants from the Union to certain States
• 276Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments
• 277Savings
• 278Agreement with States in Part B of the First Schedule with regard to certain financial mattersOmitted
• 279Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc
• 279AGoods and Services Tax Council
• 280Finance Commission
• 281Recommendations of the Finance Commission

Finance: Miscellaneous Financial ProvisionsArticles 282 to 291

• 282Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues
• 283Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts
• 284Custody of suitors' deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts
• 285Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation
• 286Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods
• 287Exemption from taxes on electricity
• 288Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases
• 289Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation
• 290Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions
• 290AAnnual payment to certain Devaswom Funds
• 291Privy purse sums of RulersOmitted

BorrowingArticles 292 to 293

• 292Borrowing by the Government of India
• 293Borrowing by States

Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations and SuitsArticles 294 to 300

• 294Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases
• 295Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases
• 296Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia
• 297Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union
• 298Power to carry on trade, etc
• 299Contracts
• 300Suits and proceedings

Right to PropertyArticle 300A

• 300APersons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law

ServicesArticles 308 to 314

• 308Interpretation
• 309Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State
• 310Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State
• 311Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State
• 312All-India services
• 312APower of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services
• 313Transitional provisions
• 314Provision for protection of existing officers of certain servicesOmitted

Public Service CommissionsArticles 315 to 323

• 315Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States
• 316Appointment and term of office of members
• 317Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission
• 318Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission
• 319Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members
• 320Functions of Public Service Commissions
• 321Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions
• 322Expenses of Public Service Commissions
• 323Reports of Public Service Commissions

Language of the UnionArticles 343 to 344

• 343Official language of the Union
• 344Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language

Regional LanguagesArticles 345 to 347

• 345Official language or languages of a State
• 346Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union
• 347Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State

Language of the Supreme Court, High Courts, etc.Articles 348 to 349

• 348Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc
• 349Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language

Special DirectivesArticles 350 to 351

• 350Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances
• 350AFacilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage
• 350BSpecial Officer for linguistic minorities
• 351Directive for development of the Hindi language