Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023

1. 1PreliminarySections 1 to 3

   • 1Short title, commencement and application
   • 2Definitions
   • 3General explanations
2. 2Of punishmentsSections 4 to 13

   • 4Punishments
   • 5Commutation of sentence
   • 6Fractions of terms of punishment
   • 7Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple
   • 8Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc
   • 9Limit of punishment of offence made up of several offences
   • 10Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, judgment stating that it is doubtful of which
   • 11Solitary confinement
   • 12Limit of solitary confinement
   • 13Enhanced punishment for certain offences after previous conviction
3. 3General exceptionsSections 14 to 44

   • 14Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law
   • 15Act of Judge when acting judicially
   • 16Act done pursuant to judgment or order of Court
   • 17Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law
   • 18Accident in doing a lawful act
   • 19Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm
   • 20Act of a child under seven years of age
   • 21Act of a child above seven and under twelve years of age of immature understanding
   • 22Act of a person of unsound mind
   • 23Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will
   • 24Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated
   • 25Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent
   • 26Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit
   • 27Act done in good faith for benefit of child or person of unsound mind, by, or by consent of guardian
   • 28Consent known to be given under fear or misconception
   • 29Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused
   • 30Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent
   • 31Communication made in good faith
   • 32Act to which a person is compelled by threats
   • 33Act causing slight harm

   Right of private defenceSections 34 to 44

   • 34Things done in private defence
   • 35Right of private defence of body and of property
   • 36Right of private defence against act of a person of unsound mind, etc
   • 37Acts against which there is no right of private defence
   • 38When right of private defence of body extends to causing death
   • 39When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
   • 40Commencement and continuance of right of private defence of body
   • 41When right of private defence of property extends to causing death
   • 42When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
   • 43Commencement and continuance of right of private defence of property
   • 44Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person
4. 4Abetment, criminal conspiracy and attemptSections 45 to 62

   AbetmentSections 45 to 60

   • 45Abetment of a thing
   • 46Abettor
   • 47Abetment in India of offences outside India
   • 48Abetment outside India for offence in India
   • 49Punishment of abetment if act abetted is committed in consequence and where no express provision is made for its punishment
   • 50Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abettor
   • 51Liability of abettor when one act abetted and different act done
   • 52Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done
   • 53Liability of abettor for an effect caused by act abetted different from that intended by abettor
   • 54Abettor present when offence is committed
   • 55Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life
   • 56Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment
   • 57Abetting commission of offence by public or by more than ten persons
   • 58Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life
   • 59Public servant concealing design to commit offence which it is his duty to prevent
   • 60Concealing design to commit offence punishable with imprisonment

   Criminal conspiracySection 61

   • 61Criminal conspiracy

   AttemptSection 62

   • 62Punishment for attempting to commit offences punishable with imprisonment for life or other imprisonment
5. 5Offences against woman and childSections 63 to 99

   Sexual offencesSections 63 to 73

   • 63Rape
   • 64Punishment for rape
   • 65Punishment for rape in certain cases
   • 66Punishment for causing death or resulting in persistent vegetative state of victim
   • 67Sexual intercourse by husband upon his wife during separation
   • 68Sexual intercourse by a person in authority
   • 69Sexual intercourse by employing deceitful means, etc
   • 70Gang rape
   • 71Punishment for repeat offenders
   • 72Disclosure of identity of victim of certain offences, etc
   • 73Printing or publishing any matter relating to Court proceedings without permission

   Criminal force and assault against womanSections 74 to 79

   • 74Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty
   • 75Sexual harassment
   • 76Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to disrobe
   • 77Voyeurism
   • 78Stalking
   • 79Word, gesture or act intended to insult modesty of a woman

   Offences relating to marriageSections 80 to 87

   • 80Dowry death
   • 81Cohabitation caused by man deceitfully inducing belief of lawful marriage
   • 82Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife
   • 83Marriage ceremony fraudulently gone through without lawful marriage
   • 84Enticing or taking away or detaining with criminal intent a married woman
   • 85Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty
   • 86Cruelty defined
   • 87Kidnapping, abducting or inducing woman to compel her marriage, etc

   Causing miscarriage, etc.Sections 88 to 92

   • 88Causing miscarriage
   • 89Causing miscarriage without woman's consent
   • 90Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage
   • 91Act done with intent to prevent child being born alive or to cause to die after birth
   • 92Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide

   Offences against childSections 93 to 99

   • 93Exposure and abandonment of child under twelve years of age, by parent or person having care of it
   • 94Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body
   • 95Hiring, employing or engaging a child to commit an offence
   • 96Procuration of child
   • 97Kidnapping or abducting child under ten years of age with intent to steal from its person
   • 98Selling child for purposes of prostitution, etc
   • 99Buying child for purposes of prostitution, etc
6. 6Offences affecting the human bodySections 100 to 146

   Offences affecting lifeSections 100 to 113

   • 100Culpable homicide
   • 101Murder
   • 102Culpable homicide by causing death of person other than person whose death was intended
   • 103Punishment for murder
   • 104Punishment for murder by life-convict
   • 105Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder
   • 106Causing death by negligence
   • 107Abetment of suicide of child or person of unsound mind
   • 108Abetment of suicide
   • 109Attempt to murder
   • 110Attempt to commit culpable homicide
   • 111Organised crime
   • 112Petty organised crime
   • 113Terrorist act

   HurtSections 114 to 125

   • 114Hurt
   • 115Voluntarily causing hurt
   • 116Grievous hurt
   • 117Voluntarily causing grievous hurt
   • 118Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means
   • 119Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act
   • 120Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property
   • 121Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt to deter public servant from his duty
   • 122Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt on provocation
   • 123Causing hurt by means of poison, etc., with intent to commit an offence
   • 124Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by use of acid, etc
   • 125Act endangering life or personal safety of others

   Wrongful restraint and wrongful confinementSections 126 to 127

   • 126Wrongful restraint
   • 127Wrongful confinement

   Criminal force and assaultSections 128 to 136

   • 128Force
   • 129Criminal force
   • 130Assault
   • 131Punishment for assault or criminal force otherwise than on grave provocation
   • 132Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty
   • 133Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonour person, otherwise than on grave provocation
   • 134Assault or criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property carried by a person
   • 135Assault or criminal force in attempt to wrongfully confine a person
   • 136Assault or criminal force on grave provocation

   Kidnapping, abduction, slavery and forced labourSections 137 to 146

   • 137Kidnapping
   • 138Abduction
   • 139Kidnapping or maiming a child for purposes of begging
   • 140Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder or for ransom, etc
   • 141Importation of girl or boy from foreign country
   • 142Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement, kidnapped or abducted person
   • 143Trafficking of person
   • 144Exploitation of a trafficked person
   • 145Habitual dealing in slaves
   • 146Unlawful compulsory labour
7. 7Offences against the StateSections 147 to 158

   • 147Waging, or attempting to wage war, or abetting waging of war, against Government of India
   • 148Conspiracy to commit offences punishable by section 147
   • 149Collecting arms, etc., with intention of waging war against Government of India
   • 150Concealing with intent to facilitate design to wage war
   • 151Assaulting President, Governor, etc., with intent to compel or restrain exercise of any lawful power
   • 152Act endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India
   • 153Waging war against Government of any foreign State at peace with Government of India
   • 154Committing depredation on territories of foreign State at peace with Government of India
   • 155Receiving property taken by war or depredation mentioned in sections 153 and 154
   • 156Public servant voluntarily allowing prisoner of State or war to escape
   • 157Public servant negligently suffering such prisoner to escape
   • 158Aiding escape of, rescuing or harbouring such prisoner
8. 8Offences relating to the Army, Navy and Air ForceSections 159 to 168

   • 159Abetting mutiny, or attempting to seduce a soldier, sailor or airman from his duty
   • 160Abetment of mutiny, if mutiny is committed in consequence thereof
   • 161Abetment of assault by soldier, sailor or airman on his superior officer, when in execution of his office
   • 162Abetment of such assault, if assault committed
   • 163Abetment of desertion of soldier, sailor or airman
   • 164Harbouring deserter
   • 165Deserter concealed on board merchant vessel through negligence of master
   • 166Abetment of act of insubordination by soldier, sailor or airman
   • 167Persons subject to certain Acts
   • 168Wearing garb or carrying token used by soldier, sailor or airman
9. 9Offences relating to electionsSections 169 to 177

   • 169Candidate, electoral right defined
   • 170Bribery
   • 171Undue influence at elections
   • 172Personation at elections
   • 173Punishment for bribery
   • 174Punishment for undue influence or personation at an election
   • 175False statement in connection with an election
   • 176Illegal payments in connection with an election
   • 177Failure to keep election accounts
10. 10Offences relating to coin, currency-notes, bank-notes and Government stampsSections 178 to 188

    • 178Counterfeiting coin, Government stamps, currency-notes or bank-notes
    • 179Using as genuine, forged or counterfeit coin, Government stamp, currency-notes or bank-notes
    • 180Possession of forged or counterfeit coin, Government stamp, currency-notes or bank-notes
    • 181Making or possessing instruments or materials for forging or counterfeiting coin, Government stamp, currency-notes or bank-notes
    • 182Making or using documents resembling currency-notes or bank-notes
    • 183Effacing writing from substance bearing Government stamp, or removing from document a stamp used for it, with intent to cause loss to Government
    • 184Using Government stamp known to have been before used
    • 185Erasure of mark denoting that stamp has been used
    • 186Prohibition of fictitious stamps
    • 187Person employed in mint causing coin to be of different weight or composition from that fixed by law
    • 188Unlawfully taking coining instrument from mint
11. 11Offences against the public tranquillitySections 189 to 197

    • 189Unlawful assembly
    • 190Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object
    • 191Rioting
    • 192Wantonly giving provocation with intent to cause riot-if rioting be committed; if not committed
    • 193Liability of owner, occupier, etc., of land on which an unlawful assembly or riot takes place
    • 194Affray
    • 195Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc
    • 196Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony
    • 197Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration
12. 12Offences by or relating to public servantsSections 198 to 205

    • 198Public servant disobeying law, with intent to cause injury to any person
    • 199Public servant disobeying direction under law
    • 200Punishment for non-treatment of victim
    • 201Public servant framing an incorrect document with intent to cause injury
    • 202Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade
    • 203Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property
    • 204Personating a public servant
    • 205Wearing garb or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intent
13. 13Contempts of the lawful authority of public servantsSections 206 to 226

    • 206Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceeding
    • 207Preventing service of summons or other proceeding, or preventing publication thereof
    • 208Non-attendance in obedience to an order from public servant
    • 209Non-appearance in response to a proclamation under section 84 of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
    • 210Omission to produce document or electronic record to public servant by person legally bound to produce it
    • 211Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give it
    • 212Furnishing false information
    • 213Refusing oath or affirmation when duly required by public servant to make it
    • 214Refusing to answer public servant authorised to question
    • 215Refusing to sign statement
    • 216False statement on oath or affirmation to public servant or person authorised to administer an oath or affirmation
    • 217False information, with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to injury of another person
    • 218Resistance to taking of property by lawful authority of a public servant
    • 219Obstructing sale of property offered for sale by authority of public servant
    • 220Illegal purchase or bid for property offered for sale by authority of public servant
    • 221Obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions
    • 222Omission to assist public servant when bound by law to give assistance
    • 223Disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant
    • 224Threat of injury to public servant
    • 225Threat of injury to induce person to refrain from applying for protection to public servant
    • 226Attempt to commit suicide to compel or restrain exercise of lawful power
14. 14False evidence and offences against public justiceSections 227 to 269

    • 227Giving false evidence
    • 228Fabricating false evidence
    • 229Punishment for false evidence
    • 230Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of capital offence
    • 231Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of offence punishable with imprisonment for life or imprisonment
    • 232Threatening any person to give false evidence
    • 233Using evidence known to be false
    • 234Issuing or signing false certificate
    • 235Using as true a certificate known to be false
    • 236False statement made in declaration which is by law receivable as evidence
    • 237Using as true such declaration knowing it to be false
    • 238Causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information to screen offender
    • 239Intentional omission to give information of offence by person bound to inform
    • 240Giving false information respecting an offence committed
    • 241Destruction of document or electronic record to prevent its production as evidence
    • 242False personation for purpose of act or proceeding in suit or prosecution
    • 243Fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution
    • 244Fraudulent claim to property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution
    • 245Fraudulently suffering decree for sum not due
    • 246Dishonestly making false claim in Court
    • 247Fraudulently obtaining decree for sum not due
    • 248False charge of offence made with intent to injure
    • 249Harbouring offender
    • 250Taking gift, etc., to screen an offender from punishment
    • 251Offering gift or restoration of property in consideration of screening offender
    • 252Taking gift to help to recover stolen property, etc
    • 253Harbouring offender who has escaped from custody or whose apprehension has been ordered
    • 254Penalty for harbouring robbers or dacoits
    • 255Public servant disobeying direction of law with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture
    • 256Public servant framing incorrect record or writing with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture
    • 257Public servant in judicial proceeding corruptly making report, etc., contrary to law
    • 258Commitment for trial or confinement by person having authority who knows that he is acting contrary to law
    • 259Intentional omission to apprehend on part of public servant bound to apprehend
    • 260Intentional omission to apprehend on part of public servant bound to apprehend person under sentence or lawfully committed
    • 261Escape from confinement or custody negligently suffered by public servant
    • 262Resistance or obstruction by a person to his lawful apprehension
    • 263Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension of another person
    • 264Omission to apprehend, or sufferance of escape, on part of public servant, in cases not otherwise provided for
    • 265Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension or escape or rescue in cases not otherwise provided for
    • 266Violation of condition of remission of punishment
    • 267Intentional insult or interruption to public servant sitting in judicial proceeding
    • 268Personation of assessor
    • 269Failure by person released on bail bond or bond to appear in Court
15. 15Offences affecting public health, safety, convenience, decency and moralsSections 270 to 297

    • 270Public nuisance
    • 271Negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life
    • 272Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life
    • 273Disobedience to quarantine rule
    • 274Adulteration of food or drink intended for sale
    • 275Sale of noxious food or drink
    • 276Adulteration of drugs
    • 277Sale of adulterated drugs
    • 278Sale of drug as a different drug or preparation
    • 279Fouling water of public spring or reservoir
    • 280Making atmosphere noxious to health
    • 281Rash driving or riding on a public way
    • 282Rash navigation of vessel
    • 283Exhibition of false light, mark or buoy
    • 284Conveying person by water for hire in unsafe or overloaded vessel
    • 285Danger or obstruction in public way or line of navigation
    • 286Negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substance
    • 287Negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter
    • 288Negligent conduct with respect to explosive substance
    • 289Negligent conduct with respect to machinery
    • 290Negligent conduct with respect to pulling down, repairing or constructing buildings, etc
    • 291Negligent conduct with respect to animal
    • 292Punishment for public nuisance in cases not otherwise provided for
    • 293Continuance of nuisance after injunction to discontinue
    • 294Sale, etc., of obscene books, etc
    • 295Sale, etc., of obscene objects to child
    • 296Obscene acts and songs
    • 297Keeping lottery office
16. 16Offences relating to religionSections 298 to 302

    • 298Injuring or defiling place of worship with intent to insult religion of any class
    • 299Deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage religious feelings of any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs
    • 300Disturbing religious assembly
    • 301Trespassing on burial places, etc
    • 302Uttering words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound religious feelings of any person
17. 17Offences against propertySections 303 to 334

    TheftSections 303 to 307

    • 303Theft
    • 304Snatching
    • 305Theft in a dwelling house, or means of transportation or place of worship, etc
    • 306Theft by clerk or servant of property in possession of master
    • 307Theft after preparation made for causing death, hurt or restraint in order to committing of theft

    ExtortionSection 308

    • 308Extortion

    Robbery and dacoitySections 309 to 313

    • 309Robbery
    • 310Dacoity
    • 311Robbery, or dacoity, with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt
    • 312Attempt to commit robbery or dacoity when armed with deadly weapon
    • 313Punishment for belonging to gang of robbers, etc

    Criminal misappropriation of propertySections 314 to 315

    • 314Dishonest misappropriation of property
    • 315Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by deceased person at the time of his death

    Criminal breach of trustSection 316

    • 316Criminal breach of trust

    Receiving stolen propertySection 317

    • 317Stolen property

    CheatingSections 318 to 319

    • 318Cheating
    • 319Cheating by personation

    Fraudulent deeds and dispositions of propertySections 320 to 323

    • 320Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent distribution among creditors
    • 321Dishonestly or fraudulently preventing debt being available for creditors
    • 322Dishonest or fraudulent execution of deed of transfer containing false statement of consideration
    • 323Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property

    MischiefSections 324 to 328

    • 324Mischief
    • 325Mischief by killing or maiming animal
    • 326Mischief by injury, inundation, fire or explosive substance, etc
    • 327Mischief with intent to destroy or make unsafe a rail, aircraft, decked vessel or one of twenty tons burden
    • 328Punishment for intentionally running vessel aground or ashore with intent to commit theft, etc

    Criminal trespassSections 329 to 334

    • 329Criminal trespass and house-trespass
    • 330House-trespass and house-breaking
    • 331Punishment for house-trespass or house-breaking
    • 332House-trespass in order to commit offence
    • 333House-trespass after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint
    • 334Dishonestly breaking open receptacle containing property
18. 18Offences relating to documents and property marksSections 335 to 350

    • 335Making a false document
    • 336Forgery
    • 337Forgery of record of Court or of public register, etc
    • 338Forgery of valuable security, will, etc
    • 339Having possession of document described in section 337 or section 338, knowing it to be forged and intending to use it as genuine
    • 340Forged document or electronic record and using it as genuine
    • 341Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable under section 338
    • 342Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents described in section 338, or possessing counterfeit marked material
    • 343Fraudulent cancellation, destruction, etc., of will, authority to adopt, or valuable security
    • 344Falsification of accounts

    Property marksSections 345 to 350

    • 345Property mark
    • 346Tampering with property mark with intent to cause injury
    • 347Counterfeiting a property mark
    • 348Making or possession of any instrument for counterfeiting a property mark
    • 349Selling goods marked with a counterfeit property mark
    • 350Making a false mark upon any receptacle containing goods
19. 19Criminal intimidation, insult, annoyance, defamation, etc.Sections 351 to 357

    • 351Criminal intimidation
    • 352Intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of peace
    • 353Statements conducing to public mischief
    • 354Act caused by inducing person to believe that he will be rendered an object of Divine displeasure
    • 355Misconduct in public by a drunken person

    DefamationSection 356

    • 356Defamation

    Breach of contract to attend on a helpless personSection 357

    • 357Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person
20. 20Repeal and savingsSection 358

    • 358Repeal and savings

Most-read sections

Each with the IPC section it replaced.

• Section103Punishment for murderEarlier IPC 302
• Section109Attempt to murderEarlier IPC 307
• Section85Cruelty by husband or his relativesEarlier IPC 498A
• Section318(4)Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of propertyEarlier IPC 420
• Section115(2)Punishment for voluntarily causing hurtEarlier IPC 323
• Section303(2)Punishment for theftEarlier IPC 379